Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu; Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald; Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu, Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald, Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka

Published in American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 4, Issue 3)

Received: 30 April 2016 Accepted: 9 May 2016 Published: 17 May 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The study aims to ascertain the co-morbidity of Alcohol and Depression among patients attending the general outpatient clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Via a system sampling method; 470 consenting subjects were enlisted in the study. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to each. Only one hundred and eighty five subjects met the criteria for the second stage of the study, (a score of 18 and above on the BDI and/or a score of 5 and above on AUDIT). Results showed that there was a significantly higher prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders among those with higher depressive symptoms. Furthermore, about (45.8%) half of these with Alcohol Use Disorders were diagnosed with depression in comparison to 26.0% of those without Alcohol Use Disorder. In agreement with other studies, there was a greater likelihood of depression among the subjects who were diagnosed with AUD. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism underlying this co-morbidity is yet to be elucidated.

Published in	American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
Page(s)	38-42
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Depression, Alcohol, Co-morbidity, Disorder

References

[1]	Kendall P, Clarkin J. Introduction to special section: Co-morbidity and treatment implications. Journ Consul Clin Psychology. 1992; 60: 833-834.
[2]	Kessler R, McGinagle K, Zhao S, Nelson C, Hughes M, Eshleman S. et al (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III R Psychotic disorders in the United States: Results from the National Co-morbidity Survey. Arch of Gen Psychiatry; 51, 8-19.
[3]	Hagnell, O & Grasbeck, A. Co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the lundby 25-year prospective study: the pattern of subsequent episodes. In: Maser, J. & Cloninger, C. (Eds). Co-morbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc. 1990; pp. 139-152.
[4]	Hirschfeld R., Hasin D., Keller M., Endicort J. and Wunder J. Depression and alcoholism: Co-morbidity in a longitudinal study. In: Maser J and Cloninger C. (Eds). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc, 1990; pp. 293-304.
[5]	Hasin D, Endicott J, Keller M B. Alcohol problems in psychiatric patients: 5-year course. Compr Psychiatry 1991; 32 (4): 303-316.
[6]	Meyer R, Kranzler H. Alcohol abuse/dependence and comorbid anxiety and depression. In: Maser J, Cloninger C (Eds). Co-morbidity of Mood and Anxiety disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC; 1990: pp. 283-292.
[7]	Rhode P, Lewinson P M., & Seeley, JR. Co-morbidity of unipolar depression: Co-morbidity with other mental disorders in adolescents and adults. JournAbn Psychology 1991; 100 (2), 214-222.
[8]	Obot I S, Olaniyi A. Drug related psychotic disorders in four Nigerian hospitals. NigJ Psychiatry 1990; 8, 13-16.
[9]	Gilman S E, Abraham H D. A longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 63 (3), 277-286.
[10]	Wang J, Pattern S B. Alcohol consumption and major depression: Findings from a follow up study. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46 (7): 632-638.
[11]	Bosch I, VandenBrinck W, Pennins B W, Wall M, M, Hasin D. Alcohol Use Disorder severity predicts first incidence of depressive disorders. Psychol Medicine 2011; 26: 1-9.
[12]	Adewuya A O. Prevalence of major depressive disorder in Nigerian college students with alcohol-related problems. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006; 28 (2): 169-173.
[13]	Brisbe S, Ordinioha B, Dienye P O. (2011). Intersection between alcohol abuse and intimate partner’s violence in rural Ijaw Community in Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. J Interpers Violence 2012; 27 (3): 513-522.
[14]	Swedsen J D, Merikangas K R, Canino G I, Kessler R. C, Rubio-Stipec M, Angst J (1988). The co-morbidity of Alcoholism with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in four geographic communities. Compr Psychiatry 1998; 39: 176-184.
[15]	Graham K, Massak A, Demers A, Rehm J. Does the association between alcohol consumption and depression depend on how they are measured? Alcoholism: Clin and Exp Research 2007; 31 (1): 78-88.
[16]	Hasin D S, Grant B F. Major Depression in 6050 former drinkers: Associations with past alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 794-800.
[17]	Kenneth R C, Martin P, Stephanie A G. Meta-analysis of depression and substance used among individual with use disorders. J Subs Abuse Treat 2009; 37 (2), 127-137.
[18]	Leonardson G R, Kemper E., Ness F K., Koplin B A, Daniels M C, Leonardson G. A. Validity and reliability of the AUDIT and CAGE-AID in Northern plains American Indians. Psycho Rep 2005; 97 (1): 161-166.
[19]	Mendelson J, Mello N. Medical progress: Biologic concomitants of alcoholism, New English Journ of Med 1979; 301: 912-921.
[20]	Shuckit M. A., Tipp J. E., Bergman M., Reich W., Hasselbrook U. M. & Smith T. L. (1997). Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2, 945 alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154 (7): 948-957.
[21]	Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin M. G. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty five years of evaluation. ClinPsychol Rev 1988; 8: 77-100.
[22]	Blacker D. Psychiatric rating scales. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of Psychiatry. Ninth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lipincot, Williams and Wilkins, 2009; 1032-1059.
[23]	Adewuya AO. Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) as a screening tool for alcohol related problems among Nigerian university students. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2005; 40: 575-577.
[24]	Gureje O, Uwakwe R., Oladeji B., Makanjuola UD, Esan O. Depression in adult Nigerians; results from the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well Being. J Affect Disord 2010; 120: 158-164.
[25]	Andrews G, Peters L. The psychometric properties of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998; 33: 80-88.
[26]	Awaritefe A. The Beck Depression Inventory in relation to some commonly used tests in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Psychology 1998; 1: 23-28.
[27]	Schuckit M A, Smith T L, Kalmijin K. Relationships among independent major depressive, alcohol use and other substance use and related problems over 30 years in 397 families. Journ Stud Alc Drugs 2013; 74: 271-279.
[28]	Magidson J F, Saal W, Nel A, Remmert E, Kagee A. Relationship between depressive symptoms, alcohol use and anti-retroviral therapy adherence among HIV- infectad, clinic attending patients in South Africa. J Health Psychol Feb. 15 2016 1359105316628743.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu, Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald, Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka. (2016). Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 4(3), 38-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu; Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald; Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka. Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016, 4(3), 38-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu, Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald, Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka. Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;4(3):38-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11,
  author = {Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu and Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald and Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka},
  title = {Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {38-42},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20160403.11},
  abstract = {The study aims to ascertain the co-morbidity of Alcohol and Depression among patients attending the general outpatient clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Via a system sampling method; 470 consenting subjects were enlisted in the study. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to each. Only one hundred and eighty five subjects met the criteria for the second stage of the study, (a score of 18 and above on the BDI and/or a score of 5 and above on AUDIT). Results showed that there was a significantly higher prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders among those with higher depressive symptoms. Furthermore, about (45.8%) half of these with Alcohol Use Disorders were diagnosed with depression in comparison to 26.0% of those without Alcohol Use Disorder. In agreement with other studies, there was a greater likelihood of depression among the subjects who were diagnosed with AUD. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism underlying this co-morbidity is yet to be elucidated.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
AU  - Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu
AU  - Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald
AU  - Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka
Y1  - 2016/05/17
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
T2  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JF  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JO  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
SP  - 38
EP  - 42
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-426X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
AB  - The study aims to ascertain the co-morbidity of Alcohol and Depression among patients attending the general outpatient clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Via a system sampling method; 470 consenting subjects were enlisted in the study. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to each. Only one hundred and eighty five subjects met the criteria for the second stage of the study, (a score of 18 and above on the BDI and/or a score of 5 and above on AUDIT). Results showed that there was a significantly higher prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders among those with higher depressive symptoms. Furthermore, about (45.8%) half of these with Alcohol Use Disorders were diagnosed with depression in comparison to 26.0% of those without Alcohol Use Disorder. In agreement with other studies, there was a greater likelihood of depression among the subjects who were diagnosed with AUD. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism underlying this co-morbidity is yet to be elucidated.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu

Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald

Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka

Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu, Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald, Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka. (2016). Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 4(3), 38-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu; Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald; Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka. Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016, 4(3), 38-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu, Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald, Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka. Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;4(3):38-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11,
  author = {Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu and Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald and Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka},
  title = {Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {38-42},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20160403.11},
  abstract = {The study aims to ascertain the co-morbidity of Alcohol and Depression among patients attending the general outpatient clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Via a system sampling method; 470 consenting subjects were enlisted in the study. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to each. Only one hundred and eighty five subjects met the criteria for the second stage of the study, (a score of 18 and above on the BDI and/or a score of 5 and above on AUDIT). Results showed that there was a significantly higher prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders among those with higher depressive symptoms. Furthermore, about (45.8%) half of these with Alcohol Use Disorders were diagnosed with depression in comparison to 26.0% of those without Alcohol Use Disorder. In agreement with other studies, there was a greater likelihood of depression among the subjects who were diagnosed with AUD. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism underlying this co-morbidity is yet to be elucidated.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
AU  - Okeafor Chukwuma Ugochukwu
AU  - Chukwujekwu Chidozie Donald
AU  - Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka
Y1  - 2016/05/17
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
T2  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JF  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JO  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
SP  - 38
EP  - 42
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-426X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20160403.11
AB  - The study aims to ascertain the co-morbidity of Alcohol and Depression among patients attending the general outpatient clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Via a system sampling method; 470 consenting subjects were enlisted in the study. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Inventory (AUDIT) and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to each. Only one hundred and eighty five subjects met the criteria for the second stage of the study, (a score of 18 and above on the BDI and/or a score of 5 and above on AUDIT). Results showed that there was a significantly higher prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders among those with higher depressive symptoms. Furthermore, about (45.8%) half of these with Alcohol Use Disorders were diagnosed with depression in comparison to 26.0% of those without Alcohol Use Disorder. In agreement with other studies, there was a greater likelihood of depression among the subjects who were diagnosed with AUD. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism underlying this co-morbidity is yet to be elucidated.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download